Comitato direttivo
Giovanni F. Accolla, Franco Cardini, Domenico Del Nero, Giordano Bruno Guerri, Gennaro Malgieri, Gennaro Sangiuliano, Mirella Serri, Marcello Veneziani.
Civilissima rivoluzione o solenne mistificazione? Il 27 aprile viene ricordato in Toscana come il giorno in cui i fiorentini si sollevarono contro il legittimo governo granducale: una rivolta senza un solo colpo d’arma da fuoco, una protesta senza nemmeno un arresto, Insomma i Toscani avrebbero detto al granduca di togliere il disturbo e questi lo avrebbe fatto senza pensarci su due volte, partendo tra l’ossequio di una popolazione un po’ distratta ma tutto sommato grata e persino commossa. La stessa che, insomma, sarebbe pacificamente e civilmente insorta poche ore prima per “cacciare il tiranno”.
Non è la trama di una commediola di secondo ordine: è quanto ancora oggi vogliono farci ancora credere gli apologeti della “pacifica rivoluzione toscana” e purtroppo molti libri di testo scolastico, che di solito peraltro liquidano la questione in poche righe. In realtà, se si avesse ancora un minimo di buon senso, la data di oggi dovrebbe per la Toscana essere un vero e proprio “lutto nazionale.”
Il 27 aprile 1859 finiva infatti uno degli stati più civili non solo d’Italia, ma d’Europa: quel granducato di Toscana che sotto i Medici era stato un faro i cultura umanistica e scientifica, tradizione degnamente continuata dalla dinastia degli Asburgo Lorena, subentrata alla morte di Giovanni Gastone I de’ Medici nel 1737. Gli inizi – la cosiddetta “reggenza” non furono facili ma presto la dinastia si identificò con la Toscana: tutti i sovrani, dal lodatissimo Pietro Leopoldo, a Ferdinando III, forse il più amato in assoluto dei principi lorenesi, che seppe moderare gli effetti dello zelo riformatore (talvolta eccessivo) del padre, sino a Leopoldo II ( regnante 1824- 1859) l’ultimo granduca soprannominato dai toscani “canapone” ma anche “il Babbo”, regnarono all’insegna della pace, del consenso e della crescita economica, sociale e culturale. La Firenze della Restaurazione era una delle città più amate e ambite, il governo granducale di una mitezza straordinaria, al punto da entrare talvolta in rotta di collisione con quello austriaco che avrebbe voluto un atteggiamento più duro e più fermo nella censura e nelle misure antisovversive. Ma all’osservazione dell’ambasciatore austriaco che la censura in Toscana non faceva il suo dovere, Leopoldo II ebbe una volta a rispondere che il suo dovere era appunto quello … di non farlo!
Del resto, anche i peggiori detrattori dell’ultimo sovrano lorenese – e non sono certo pochi – non possono negare la grande sintonia che ci fu tra il granduca e il suo popolo almeno sino ai moti del 1848 (ma in buona parte anche dopo). Poi, ci sarebbe stata la “grande delusione”, ma si dimentica che il granduca toscano fu molto più “vittima” che colpevole di una situazione che si era rivelata tragicamente ambigua: gli stati italiani, tra cui la Toscana, che si erano schierati contro l’Austria a fianco del Piemonte sabaudo dovettero ben presto rendersi conto delle vere mire di quest’ultimo: arrivare a una vera e propria opera di conquista a danno degli altri. Cosa che poi puntualmente accadde alcuni anni dopo, tanto che, come ricorda proprio l’ultimo primo ministro toscano, Giovanni Baldasseroni, i principi italiani: “minacciati essi in più modo nella propria esistenza, furon ridotti a vedere nell’Austria la sola potenza interessata e capace di assisterli”.
Come detto in altre circostanze, non si tratta di chiedere la restaurazione della casa Lorenese, ma semplicemente cercare di fare chiarezza una volta per tutte sui tanti, troppi lati oscuri del cosiddetto “Risorgimento”. Solo così tra l’altro si potrà arrivare a una visione più chiara e lucida di tanti problemi che affiggono l’Italia di oggi, non ultimo il divario nord- sud la cui colpa non è certo della dinastia dei Borbone, ma di una conquista dissennata e feroce. Ma questa è un’altra e triste storia. Quello che accadde a Firenze il 27 aprile 1859 fu un’abile messinscena orchestrata da Torino dal solito Cavour, tramite il proprio ministro a Firenze Carlo Boncompagni, che da un lato rassicurava il legittimo governo granducale mentre dall’altro faceva di tutto per suscitare un moto di piazza (anche, pare, importando “dimostranti” dal Piemonte) che scattò puntuale il 27 aprile 1859, il giorno dopo dichiarazione di guerra dell’Austria al regno di Sardegna. Significativo il fatto che l’ambasciatore sardo si recasse più volte da Cavour nei mesi precedenti l’aprile del 59: evidentemente di certe cose era meglio non lasciare troppe tracce scritte. Boncompagni giunse al punto di spudoratezza di ospitare presso la legazione sarda i capi della “rivolta”, giusto per essere sicuro che le trattative tra la piazza e il legittimo governo fallissero. Alle 18 di quella giornata davvero “gloriosa”, Leopoldo II lasciava Firenze senza che contro i dimostranti fosse sparato un solo colpo o senza il minimo accenno di reazione. Dimostranti che tra l’altro pare fossero una minoranza davvero esigua, soprattutto quelli “locali”, spalleggiati da una parte dell’aristocrazia e dell’alta borghesia che aveva tradito il proprio sovrano. Si tentò di accreditare la calunnia che l’arciduca Carlo, figlio minore del granduca, avesse voluto far bombardare Firenze dal forte Belvedere, ma almeno questo senza successo. Chi forse avrebbe voluto fare qualcosa era l’arciduca ereditario Ferdinando, ma Leopoldo glielo impedì.
L’ultimo granduca è stato infatti accusato anche di inerzia e incapacità di reazione, e certo il suo modo di agire può apparire sconcertante. Egli però non aveva probabilmente compreso la reale portata degli eventi e pensava che sarebbe potuto tornare rapidamente in Toscana, come prova una lettera di alcuni mesi dopo diretta al suo ormai ex ministro dell’interno Leonida Landucci. Ma soprattutto, la prima preoccupazione del “babbo” fu di evitare in via assoluta lo spargimento di sangue toscano.
“Vinto e ormai superato, il patriarca Leopoldo II fu costretto ad abbandonare la scena politica. Purtuttavia, la sua volontà di servire, come sovrano, il proprio Paese e di costruire il rapporto tra governo e cittadini in base ai desideri, ai problemi e allo stato di bisogno di quel paese, potrebbe valere da esempio per qualsiasi epoca e qualsiasi sistema politico” scrive il maggiore storico della dinastia lorenese in Toscana, Franz Pesendorfer. Bellissimo giudizio, anche se forse ci sarebbe qualcosa da discutere e da eccepire su quel “superato”. Ma sarebbe tempo che oggi, superate davvero una buona volta le polemiche e le mistificazioni, si restituisse Leopoldo II alla sua reale dimensione e anche Firenze e non solo la Maremma, che lo ha già fatto da tempo, gli dedicasse un monumento e una strada; e magari ne riportasse le spoglie nella sua amatissima Toscana, nella cripta del Lorena accanto al padre Ferdinando III. Un tardivo atto di amore e di riparazione per un sovrano che al suo popolo e alla sua terra dedicò veramente la sua vita e ogni sua energia, col cuore e lo spirito del buon padre di famiglia.
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